diff --git a/dist/index.js b/dist/index.js
index 197fae3..31716b2 100644
--- a/dist/index.js
+++ b/dist/index.js
@@ -27362,7 +27362,7 @@ function isCloudflareWorkers() {
 let USER_AGENT;
 if (typeof navigator === 'undefined' || !navigator.userAgent?.startsWith?.('Mozilla/5.0 ')) {
     const NAME = 'jose';
-    const VERSION = 'v5.9.3';
+    const VERSION = 'v5.9.4';
     USER_AGENT = `${NAME}/${VERSION}`;
 }
 exports.jwksCache = Symbol();
@@ -30895,27 +30895,23 @@ exports.decodeProtectedHeader = decodeProtectedHeader;
 Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", ({ value: true }));
 exports.JWSSignatureVerificationFailed = exports.JWKSTimeout = exports.JWKSMultipleMatchingKeys = exports.JWKSNoMatchingKey = exports.JWKSInvalid = exports.JWKInvalid = exports.JWTInvalid = exports.JWSInvalid = exports.JWEInvalid = exports.JWEDecryptionFailed = exports.JOSENotSupported = exports.JOSEAlgNotAllowed = exports.JWTExpired = exports.JWTClaimValidationFailed = exports.JOSEError = void 0;
 class JOSEError extends Error {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JOSE_GENERIC';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JOSE_GENERIC';
     code = 'ERR_JOSE_GENERIC';
-    constructor(message) {
-        super(message);
+    constructor(message, options) {
+        super(message, options);
         this.name = this.constructor.name;
         Error.captureStackTrace?.(this, this.constructor);
     }
 }
 exports.JOSEError = JOSEError;
 class JWTClaimValidationFailed extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWT_CLAIM_VALIDATION_FAILED';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWT_CLAIM_VALIDATION_FAILED';
     code = 'ERR_JWT_CLAIM_VALIDATION_FAILED';
     claim;
     reason;
     payload;
     constructor(message, payload, claim = 'unspecified', reason = 'unspecified') {
-        super(message);
+        super(message, { cause: { claim, reason, payload } });
         this.claim = claim;
         this.reason = reason;
         this.payload = payload;
@@ -30923,15 +30919,13 @@ class JWTClaimValidationFailed extends JOSEError {
 }
 exports.JWTClaimValidationFailed = JWTClaimValidationFailed;
 class JWTExpired extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWT_EXPIRED';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWT_EXPIRED';
     code = 'ERR_JWT_EXPIRED';
     claim;
     reason;
     payload;
     constructor(message, payload, claim = 'unspecified', reason = 'unspecified') {
-        super(message);
+        super(message, { cause: { claim, reason, payload } });
         this.claim = claim;
         this.reason = reason;
         this.payload = payload;
@@ -30939,93 +30933,79 @@ class JWTExpired extends JOSEError {
 }
 exports.JWTExpired = JWTExpired;
 class JOSEAlgNotAllowed extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JOSE_ALG_NOT_ALLOWED';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JOSE_ALG_NOT_ALLOWED';
     code = 'ERR_JOSE_ALG_NOT_ALLOWED';
 }
 exports.JOSEAlgNotAllowed = JOSEAlgNotAllowed;
 class JOSENotSupported extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JOSE_NOT_SUPPORTED';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JOSE_NOT_SUPPORTED';
     code = 'ERR_JOSE_NOT_SUPPORTED';
 }
 exports.JOSENotSupported = JOSENotSupported;
 class JWEDecryptionFailed extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWE_DECRYPTION_FAILED';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWE_DECRYPTION_FAILED';
     code = 'ERR_JWE_DECRYPTION_FAILED';
-    message = 'decryption operation failed';
+    constructor(message = 'decryption operation failed', options) {
+        super(message, options);
+    }
 }
 exports.JWEDecryptionFailed = JWEDecryptionFailed;
 class JWEInvalid extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWE_INVALID';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWE_INVALID';
     code = 'ERR_JWE_INVALID';
 }
 exports.JWEInvalid = JWEInvalid;
 class JWSInvalid extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWS_INVALID';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWS_INVALID';
     code = 'ERR_JWS_INVALID';
 }
 exports.JWSInvalid = JWSInvalid;
 class JWTInvalid extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWT_INVALID';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWT_INVALID';
     code = 'ERR_JWT_INVALID';
 }
 exports.JWTInvalid = JWTInvalid;
 class JWKInvalid extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWK_INVALID';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWK_INVALID';
     code = 'ERR_JWK_INVALID';
 }
 exports.JWKInvalid = JWKInvalid;
 class JWKSInvalid extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWKS_INVALID';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWKS_INVALID';
     code = 'ERR_JWKS_INVALID';
 }
 exports.JWKSInvalid = JWKSInvalid;
 class JWKSNoMatchingKey extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWKS_NO_MATCHING_KEY';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWKS_NO_MATCHING_KEY';
     code = 'ERR_JWKS_NO_MATCHING_KEY';
-    message = 'no applicable key found in the JSON Web Key Set';
+    constructor(message = 'no applicable key found in the JSON Web Key Set', options) {
+        super(message, options);
+    }
 }
 exports.JWKSNoMatchingKey = JWKSNoMatchingKey;
 class JWKSMultipleMatchingKeys extends JOSEError {
     [Symbol.asyncIterator];
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWKS_MULTIPLE_MATCHING_KEYS';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWKS_MULTIPLE_MATCHING_KEYS';
     code = 'ERR_JWKS_MULTIPLE_MATCHING_KEYS';
-    message = 'multiple matching keys found in the JSON Web Key Set';
+    constructor(message = 'multiple matching keys found in the JSON Web Key Set', options) {
+        super(message, options);
+    }
 }
 exports.JWKSMultipleMatchingKeys = JWKSMultipleMatchingKeys;
 class JWKSTimeout extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWKS_TIMEOUT';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWKS_TIMEOUT';
     code = 'ERR_JWKS_TIMEOUT';
-    message = 'request timed out';
+    constructor(message = 'request timed out', options) {
+        super(message, options);
+    }
 }
 exports.JWKSTimeout = JWKSTimeout;
 class JWSSignatureVerificationFailed extends JOSEError {
-    static get code() {
-        return 'ERR_JWS_SIGNATURE_VERIFICATION_FAILED';
-    }
+    static code = 'ERR_JWS_SIGNATURE_VERIFICATION_FAILED';
     code = 'ERR_JWS_SIGNATURE_VERIFICATION_FAILED';
-    message = 'signature verification failed';
+    constructor(message = 'signature verification failed', options) {
+        super(message, options);
+    }
 }
 exports.JWSSignatureVerificationFailed = JWSSignatureVerificationFailed;
 
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index f9e51f5..9144382 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
       },
       "devDependencies": {
         "@types/jest": "^29.5.13",
-        "@types/node": "^22.7.4",
+        "@types/node": "^22.7.5",
         "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^7.17.0",
         "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^7.18.0",
         "@vercel/ncc": "^0.38.2",
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
         "eslint-plugin-jsonc": "^2.16.0",
         "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.2.1",
         "jest": "^29.7.0",
-        "jose": "^5.9.3",
+        "jose": "^5.9.4",
         "markdownlint-cli": "^0.42.0",
         "nock": "^13.5.5",
         "prettier": "^3.3.3",
         "prettier-eslint": "^16.3.0",
         "ts-jest": "^29.2.5",
-        "typescript": "^5.6.2"
+        "typescript": "^5.6.3"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=20"
@@ -1691,9 +1691,9 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/@types/node": {
-      "version": "22.7.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-22.7.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-y+NPi1rFzDs1NdQHHToqeiX2TIS79SWEAw9GYhkkx8bD0ChpfqC+n2j5OXOCpzfojBEBt6DnEnnG9MY0zk1XLg==",
+      "version": "22.7.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-22.7.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jML7s2NAzMWc//QSJ1a3prpk78cOPchGvXJsC3C6R6PSMoooztvRVQEz89gmBTBY1SPMaqo5teB4uNHPdetShQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "undici-types": "~6.19.2"
@@ -5695,9 +5695,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/jose": {
-      "version": "5.9.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/jose/-/jose-5.9.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-egLIoYSpcd+QUF+UHgobt5YzI2Pkw/H39ou9suW687MY6PmCwPmkNV/4TNjn1p2tX5xO3j0d0sq5hiYE24bSlg==",
+      "version": "5.9.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/jose/-/jose-5.9.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-WBBl6au1qg6OHj67yCffCgFR3BADJBXN8MdRvCgJDuMv3driV2nHr7jdGvaKX9IolosAsn+M0XRArqLXUhyJHQ==",
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/panva"
       }
@@ -8100,9 +8100,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/typescript": {
-      "version": "5.6.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-5.6.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-NW8ByodCSNCwZeghjN3o+JX5OFH0Ojg6sadjEKY4huZ52TqbJTJnDo5+Tw98lSy63NZvi4n+ez5m2u5d4PkZyw==",
+      "version": "5.6.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-5.6.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hjcS1mhfuyi4WW8IWtjP7brDrG2cuDZukyrYrSauoXGNgx0S7zceP07adYkJycEr56BOUTNPzbInooiN3fn1qw==",
       "dev": true,
       "bin": {
         "tsc": "bin/tsc",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index ef4e609..6076875 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@types/jest": "^29.5.13",
-    "@types/node": "^22.7.4",
+    "@types/node": "^22.7.5",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^7.17.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^7.18.0",
     "@vercel/ncc": "^0.38.2",
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@
     "eslint-plugin-jsonc": "^2.16.0",
     "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.2.1",
     "jest": "^29.7.0",
-    "jose": "^5.9.3",
+    "jose": "^5.9.4",
     "markdownlint-cli": "^0.42.0",
     "nock": "^13.5.5",
     "prettier": "^3.3.3",
     "prettier-eslint": "^16.3.0",
     "ts-jest": "^29.2.5",
-    "typescript": "^5.6.2"
+    "typescript": "^5.6.3"
   }
 }